I'm Stranded from Duplication (2025)
| Album: | Duplication |
| Release date: | 2025 |
| Quality: | 192-320 Kbits/sec |
| Tracks: | 10 |
| Duration: | 27:33 |
| Genre: | Punk Rock |
Bitrate (quality):
192256320
mp3
| 1. | I'm Stranded | 3:28 | ... |
